Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) - has long baffled doctors and patients alike. It leaves people with crushing fatigue, brain fog, pain, sleep disturbance and a body that just won’t bounce back after even mild exertion. For too many sufferers, it’s meant years of being dismissed, neglected, or told it was all in their head. 

But the science is finally moving forward. Two landmark studies have now given researchers their best clues yet into what drives ME/CFS, and how we might one day diagnose and treat it. 

Professor Luke O’Neill unpacks the breakthroughs. The largest-ever genetic study of ME, involving 27,000 patients, has identified eight genetic markers, many linked to immune response and pain. One possibility: in some people, a viral infection flips the immune system into permanent overdrive, leaving the body acting as if it’s still fighting off a virus long after recovery. 

Another study drilled down into blood markers, immune responses and gut bacteria, feeding the data through an AI algorithm. With 90% accuracy, it could tell who had ME and who didn’t. It’s complex, expensive science, but it shows why so many patients also report IBS and gut disturbances, and why AI may hold the key to future diagnostics. 

Luke explains why the condition is more common in women, why drug treatments may be more realistic than vaccines, and why he’s optimistic this research will lead to better therapies. For the 20,000 people in Ireland — and 70 million worldwide — living with ME/CFS, it’s a hopeful sign that science is finally catching up. 

And if you’re living with CFS, Luke advises talking to your GP about medication, referral options and lifestyle strategies that can help manage symptoms in the meantime. 

Got a burning science question you’d like Luke to tackle in a future episode? Drop him a line at laoneill@tcd.ie — he’d love to hear your ideas.